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Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics ((スウェーデン語:Nobelpriset i fysik)) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to a German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Till 2014, a total of 198 individuals have been awarded the prize.
== Background ==
Alfred Nobel, in his last will and testament, stated that his wealth be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in the fields of physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before he died and was signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.〔Ragnar Sohlman: 1983, Page 7〕 Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish ''kronor'' (US$186 million in 2008), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Nobel's will )〕 Due to the level of skepticism surrounding the will it was not until April 26, 1897 that it was approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament).〔Agneta Wallin Levinovitz: 2001, Page 13〕 The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes.
The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11. The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.〔〔("Nobel Prize )" (2007), in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', accessed 15 January 2009, from ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'': 〕 According to Nobel's will, The Royal Swedish Academy of sciences were to award the Prize in Physics.〔
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